abstraction american mathematical society axiom bell test experiments biology brain brute-force search calculating space cellular automaton chemistry complex complex system complexity computation computational complexity theory computational irreducibility computer simulation continuum mechanics crystal growth digital object identifier digital physics ecology editing edward fredkin emergence engineering epistemology free will functional geology human language input konrad zuse mathematics matthew cook modesty np-hard natural selection newsweek ontology output paradigm shift percolation phase transition philosophy of science phyllotaxis physics portable document format postmodernism propositional calculus randomness raymond kurzweil realnetworks recursive function register machine reverse engineering rudy rucker seti sentiment slashdot sociology special relativity stephen wolfram steven weinberg tag system the economist the new york times theorem thermodynamics traffic turing machine utility