arson assault attempt attendant circumstance australia bribery burglary canada common law concurrence contract corporate liability criminal law criminal negligence culpability deception offences diminished responsibility duress edward coke england hill v baxter ignorantia juris non excusat inchoate offense insanity defense intoxication ireland jurisdiction kidnapping latin liability malfeasance in office manslaughter mens rea model penal code murder necessity new zealand obstruction of justice perjury pimp property damage property law rape right of self-defense robbery the common law theft tort trusts and estates united states