africa aharon dolgopolsky algeria altaic languages arabic language aramaic language bahrain beja language berber languages cameroon central africa central african republic chad chadic languages christopher ehret cognate cushitic languages djibouti egypt egyptian language emphatic consonant eritrea eskimo-aleut languages ethiopia eurasiatic languages fertile crescent ghassulian grammatical gender hamitic harold fleming hausa hebrew language holger pedersen horn of africa indo-european languages iraq israel jordan joseph greenberg judah ibn kuraish kabyle language kenya kuwait language family languages of asia lebanon levant lexicostatistics libya linguistic typology lionel bender louis hjelmslev mali malta maltese language marcel cohen mauritania meroitic script mesolithic morocco natufian culture niger niger-congo languages nigeria nomadic pastoralism north africa northwest semitic languages nostratic languages oman omotic languages ongota language palestinian territories phoneme possessive suffix pre-pottery neolithic b proto-afro-asiatic qatar red sea robert hetzron roger blench sil international sahara sahara pump theory saudi arabia semitic languages somali somalia south semitic southern sudan southwest asia sprachbund subject verb object sudan syria theodor benfey tiaret tonal language tunisia united arab emirates university of copenhagen uralic languages urheimat verb subject object vladislav illich-svitych west africa yemen