acharonim aggadah amora ancient rome apocrypha aquila of sinope baraita bible book of numbers book of proverbs christian crawford howell toy david deuteronomy domitian elijah elisha ben abuyah epiphanius esther ethiopia exodus galilee gamaliel gamaliel ii geonim gnosticism hadrian halakha hazor hellenistic civilization hillel the elder holy land hoshaiah rabbah iron isaac gastfreund isaak markus jost jaffa jellinek jerome jerusalem talmud jewish encyclopedia jose ben halafta jose the galilean joseph derenbourg joshua ben hananiah judah ben ilai judah hanasi judaism judea justin martyr kallah leviticus levy lod louis ginzberg medes midrash midrash ha-gadol mishnah nehardea old testament pharisees philo public domain rabbi hiyya rabbi meir rabbi nathan rabbi nehemiah rashi rishonim rome sadducees savora septuagint shammai shimon bar yochai sifra sifre sisera solomon song of songs talmid chacham talmud tannaim tarfon targum onkelos tefillin temple in jerusalem ten martyrs tiberias torah torture tosefta tradition yochanan ben nuri yochanan ben zakai yoma zugot