abruzzo arima asian people buddhism chieti china chinese language christian christian theology confession counter-reformation customs daimyo dictionary ducat education european ethnic groups examination of conscience far east francis xavier francisco cabral goa grammar guangzhou harbor holy see india indies interpreting italy japan japanese language japanese people kimono language latin macau mancio ito matteo ricci meiji restoration mendicant michele ruggieri monastery monk monopoly monumenta nipponica novice nun philosophy pope portugal poverty printing press racism rice roman catholic church rome sacrament sakoku seminary sermon silk silver society of jesus superior general of the society of jesus tatami tax theology tokugawa iemitsu tokugawa ieyasu tokugawa shogunate toyotomi hideyoshi united states university of padua western culture zen