allegory in the middle ages antilegomena apocrypha archaeology authors of the bible authorship of the johannine works authorship of the pauline epistles bible bible prophecy bible translations biblical apocrypha biblical archaeology biblical canon biblical criticism biblical hermeneutics biblical inerrancy biblical infallibility biblical law in christianity biblical literalism biblical manuscript biblical studies books of the bible categories of new testament manuscripts christianity criticism of the bible dating the bible dead sea scrolls deuterocanonical books development of the jewish bible canon development of the new testament canon development of the old testament canon documentary hypothesis english translations of the bible epistle of barnabas exegesis gnosticism and the new testament gothic bible hebrew bible hermeneutics higher criticism internal consistency of the bible islamic view of the bible jewish apocrypha judaism ketuvim land of israel luther bible midrash mosaic authorship new covenant new testament new testament apocrypha novum testamentum graece old testament origen panbabylonism pesher peshitta rabbinic literature samaritan pentateuch septuagint synoptic problem tanakh textual criticism torah typology vetus latina vulgate