aachen allies of world war ii alsace amphibious warfare antwerp ardennes arnhem battle of aachen battle of crucifix hill battle of moerbrugge battle of overloon battle of the bulge battle of the scheldt belgium boulogne-sur-mer breskens calais cherbourg-octeville colmar pocket commercy courcelles eindhoven end of world war ii in europe european theater of operations first canadian army free french forces french canadian gerd von rundstedt germany guy simonds hurtgen forest isigny-sur-mer le havre leopold canal liberation of paris london lorraine campaign ludendorff bridge luftwaffe maginot line mainz mannheim marseille materiel metz meuse river middelburg mulberry harbour netherlands nijmegen norway omar bradley operation blackcock operation clipper operation cobra operation dragoon operation grenade operation market garden operation nordwind operation overlord operation plunder operation pluto operation queen operation varsity operation veritable oppenheim port-en-bessin-huppain raf bomber command red ball express remagen rhine rhineland royal navy rur saar river scheldt siege of dunkirk siegfried line sint philipsland speyer stephen ambrose terneuzen toulon veghel volkssturm walcheren wehrmacht wesel western allied invasion of germany western allies western scheldt woensdrecht world war ii