adad-nirari ii akkadian language aleppo amarna letters ammon anat arab aram-naharaim aram damascus aram geschur aram maacha aram rehob aramaean kingdoms aramaean kings aramaic alphabet aramaic language aramean-syriac people arpad ashurnasirpal ii assyria assyriology babylon babylonia bahrain ben-hadad iii beth eden bible book of judges canaan carchemish chushan-rishathaim cuneiform script damascus david dilmun euphrates greek language hadadezer haddad hana hazael hebrew language hezjon hittites iram of the pillars ishtar israel journal of assyrian academic studies kapara lingua franca mesopotamia middle east mitanni names of syriac christians near east nippur nomad osroene othniel paddan aram pastoralism phoenicia phoenician alphabet reson saul semitic shalmaneser i shalmaneser iii shasu shattuara solomon syria syriac christianity tabrimmon tell halaf tiglath-pileser i til barsip transhumance tukulti-ninurta i ugarit zobah