air raid on bari allied invasion of italy allied invasion of sicily allies of world war ii armistice barbara line battle of monte cassino benito mussolini bernhardt line bombing of rome in world war ii calabria carabinieri dino grandi enrico caviglia european theatre of world war ii galeazzo ciano germany giuseppe bottai gothic line grand council of fascism great britain harold macmillan harpercollins holy see italian co-belligerent army italy landing lapland war leo marks lisbon military history of italy during world war ii moscow armistice north african campaign oil operation shingle operation slapstick pietro badoglio portugal rome salerno sicily special operations executive taranto termini imerese the moro river campaign trasimene line united states victor emmanuel iii of italy volturno line walter bedell smith wehrmacht winston churchill world war ii