africa american civil war amputation arm ashvins australian broadcasting corporation bmj biomechanical carbon fiber cardiovascular disease confederate states of america darpa die casting digital object identifier electrode engineer europe fiberglass human brain india injection molding jaipur jaipur leg limbless association motor nerve muscle napoleonic wars nervous system north america osseointegration plastic prosthesis rigveda roman capua leg scientific method sensory nerve skin suction surgery table football the boston globe transfemoral prosthesis transhumeral prosthesis transradial prosthesis transtibial prosthesis united states marine corps united states national academy of sciences university of iowa vacuum forming vishpala wear and tear world war ii