arctic ocean atlantic cod capelin cold war common guillemot continental shelf continental shelf of russia dolgiy island energy in norway finland franz josef land geographic coordinate system hopen ice kara sea kolguyev krill little auk maria klenova mezhdusharskiy island morzhovets island murmansk natural environment netherlands norway norwegian sea norwegian language novaya zemlya pechora river pechora sea petsamo phytoplankton polar cod russia russian language salinity severny island shtokman field spring bloom svalbard vaygach island water mass willem barentsz winter war yuzhny island zooplankton