arthur aston banbury battle of alton battle of aylesbury battle of cheriton battle of gainsborough battle of langport battle of lansdowne battle of lostwithiel battle of nantwich battle of naseby battle of powick bridge battle of seacroft moor battle of stow-on-the-wold battle of stratton battle of turnham green battle of winceby bolton massacre cavalier charles ii of england charles i of england chester council of war earl of clarendon edgecote edmund verney escarpment first english civil war geographic coordinate system herald james ii of england john hampden john meldrum kineton leicester london lord lieutenant messenger midlands militia ordinance netherlands nineteen propositions northampton nottingham oliver cromwell oxford philip stapleton pitched battle prince rupert of the rhine relief of newark roundhead shrewsbury siege of gloucester siege of oxford siege of reading siege of taunton siege of york storming of bristol sweden trainband wales warwick castle warwickshire welsh marches worcester york