actin adenosine triphosphate aerodynamics artery biochemistry bioengineering biomaterial biomechanical bird flight blood blood pressure bone cardiac muscle cartilage cell biology chemistry classical mechanics collagen conservation of energy conservation of mass continuum continuum mechanics deformation differential equation elastin entropy finite element method fish flight fluid mechanics giovanni alfonso borelli human insect isotropy kinematics kinesiology length scale ligament linear algebra load locomotion mechanical engineering mechanics molecular biology molecule muscle contraction myosin newtonian fluid organism pathology protein proteoglycan red blood cell shear stress simulation skeletal muscle skin smooth muscle soft tissue solid mechanics sports science swimming tendon tensor thermodynamics tissue engineering transverse isotropy vector calculus viscoelasticity