agadir crisis alexander fu sheng alfred gaselee anchee min anglo-japanese alliance anglo-russian entente bms balkan wars battle of peking battle of taku forts battle of tientsin beijing legation quarter bosnian crisis boxer protocol boxer rebellion indemnity scholarship program boxing british empire calisthenics chang cheh china china relief expedition chinese classic texts claude maxwell macdonald congress of berlin diplomacy edward hobart seymour eight-nation alliance empire of japan empress dowager cixi english language entente cordiale fashoda incident first moroccan crisis first sino-japanese war france franco-russian alliance french third republic german empire germany grand guignol great power guangxu emperor history of italy as a monarchy and in the world wars hudson taylor huns imperial examination internet movie database italo-turkish war italy japan johannes hermanus barend koekkoek kangxi emperor kuomintang league of the three emperors li hongzhang liberal arts lin yutang martial arts military history of china open door policy pan-slavism philippines pinyin qing dynasty racconigi bargain reinsurance treaty republic of china righteous harmony society russia russian empire russo-japanese war scramble for africa second boer war simplified chinese characters spain sphere of influence sun yat-sen taku forts the great game the palace of heavenly pleasure traditional chinese characters triple entente tsinghua university unequal treaties united kingdom united kingdom of great britain and ireland united states united states marine corps war reparations wikimedia commons yuan weishi zhang zhidong