adolf hitler american friends service committee aristide briand arthur henderson berlin carlos saavedra lamas civil disobedience cordell hull danish language democracy east berlin emily greene balch england espionage esterwegen feminism ferdinand buisson german empire german peace society germany gustav stresemann hamburg high treason international red cross and red crescent movement jane addams john mott journalism kurt tucholsky ludwig quidde luftwaffe militarism nazi germany nazi party nazi concentration camps nicholas murray butler nobel peace prize norman angell oldenburg oslo pacifism quaker peace and social witness ralph bunche reichstag fire soviet union theatre treaty of versailles tuberculosis university of oldenburg weimar republic