alite ancient rome argillaceous minerals bet theory baths of caracalla belite bitumen calcium aluminate cements calcium carbonate carbon dioxide carbonatation cement chemist notation cement render civil engineer clay coagulation concrete construction aggregate digital object identifier dung eddystone lighthouse ettringite fly ash gj geopolymers ground granulated blast furnace slag grout gypsum industrial revolution isaac charles johnson james frost john smeaton joseph aspdin kent kingdom of great britain limestone louis vicat metakaolin mineral hydration netherlands environmental assessment agency northfleet portland cement portland stone pozzolan pumice quarry roman aqueduct roman engineering rome rosendale cement silica fume slurry stucco trass water wattle and daub william aspdin world business council for sustainable development