alexander the great aliscans amis et amiles andrea da barberino assonance auberon aymeri de narbonne bard battle of roncevaux pass bayard bertrand de bar-sur-aube cantar de mio cid cantar de gesta cantilena carmen de prodicione guenonis chanson de guillaume charlemagne charles martel chivalry christianity creole language crusade cycle crusades doon de mayence edmund spenser ensenhamen epic poetry fabliau fairy fantasy fealty fiddle fierabras first crusade folklore france french literature garin de monglane garin le loherain gaston paris gaydon girart de roussillon girart de vienne godin gormond et isembart guibert of nogent henri wittmann hero holy grail horse iceland islam italian language jean bodel king arthur kingdom of jerusalem knight la geste de garin de monglane laisse legend louis the pious ludovico ariosto lyric poetry macaire manuscript matter of britain matter of france matter of rome middle high german minstrel monk monster moors mythology narrative structure narreme nibelungenlied occitan language old french oral poetry parody peter the hermit pilgrimage protestantism raimbaut de vaqueiras raoul de cambrai relic renaud de montauban roland roman empire saint saracen scandinavia skald spanish literature stanza the faerie queene torquato tasso trojan war troubadour vielle william of gellone william of tyre wolfram von eschenbach yde et olive