abelian abelian variety algebra alma mater augustin louis cauchy carl friedrich gauss carl gustav jacob jacobi catholic encyclopedia cubic hermite spline dieuze doctorate elliptic function ferdinand von lindemann france french people hermite normal form hermite polynomials hermitian adjoint hermitian function hermitian matrix hermitian wavelet internet archive invariant theory jacques philippe marie binet jean-marie duhamel joseph liouville joseph louis lagrange jules tannery mactutor history of mathematics archive mathematician mathematics mathematics genealogy project natural logarithm niels henrik abel number theory orthogonal polynomials paris pure mathematics quadratic form sorbonne thomas joannes stieltjes transcendental number