adjectival phrase chinese adjectives chinese exclamative particles chinese language chinese measure word chinese particles chinese pronouns chinese verbs coverb declension dialect east asian languages grammar grammatical aspect grammatical conjugation grammatical mood imperfective aspect inflection japanese grammar japanese language korean grammar korean language language lexeme measure word modal particle noun number perfective aspect pro-drop language reduplication ruby character semitic languages serial verb construction slavic languages spoken chinese standard mandarin subject object verb subject verb object tense topic-prominent language turkish language university of california press verb wang li wikibooks word order yuen ren chao