abiogenic petroleum origin acid rain adit ammonia anthracite asphaltene australia australian coal alliance background radiation backstop resources barrel of oil equivalent bergius process bihar biochar biodegradation bituminous coal blast furnace boiler borough brazil british geological survey bronze age bulgaria burning mountain canada car dyke carbochemistry carbon carbon capture and storage carbon dioxide carbon monoxide carbonization castra catalysis charcoal chester china chinese people christmas stocking clean coal technology climate change coal region coal assay coal dust coal gas coal mining coal phase out coal power in china coal tar cogeneration colombia combined cycle combustion czech republic department of energy diesel ecosystem electrical generator electricity generation energy value of coal environmental effects of coal first-foot fischer-tropsch process fluidized bed combustion fossil fuel fuel funeral furnace futures contract gas turbine gasification gasoline gasoline additive germany global warming graphite great britain greece greenhouse gas groundwater gulf oil herald tribune herodotus high middle ages history of coal mining hungary hydrocarbon hydrogen hydrogenation india indonesia industrial revolution iron iron age karrick process kazakhstan kentucky kilogram lewis and clark expedition lignite list of countries by coal production london lubricant major coal producing regions methane methanol midlands mineral minerva mining mitigation mobil molybdenum mountaintop removal mining mud naphtha natural gas nazi germany neolithic new zealand newcastle upon tyne nitrogen north dakota north korea northumberland ornamental stone outcrop pakistan peak oil peat petroleum petroleum coke poland powder river basin precursor pressure pyre river fleet roman britain roman villa romania russia santa claus sasol scoria sedimentary rock shaft mining shanxi short ton somerset coalfield south africa south america soviet union spain spontaneous combustion steam steam engine steam turbine sub-bituminous coal sulfur surface mining syngas synthetic fuels corporation synthetic fuel tajikistan temperature thailand the fens thorium total turbine turkestan turkey ukraine united states uranium utah venezuela vietnam water water wheel wikimedia commons wiktionary world world coal institute world war i world war ii wyoming zimbabwe