africa african democratic rally african slave trade ahmed koulamallah bangui biltine prefecture borkou-ennedi-tibesti region bornu empire brazzaville central africa central african republic chad chadian democratic union chadian progressive party chadian social action chari-baguirmi prefecture charles de gaulle citizenship civil service colonel colony communism constitution of france cotton currency customs deputy prime minister desert electoral reform ethnic group europe farmer federation fezzan france free french forces french community french equatorial africa french fifth republic french fourth republic french guiana french union gabon gabriel lisette gaullism ghazw governance governor-general hajj head of state history of chad history of gabon history of the republic of the congo independence indirect rule intellectual islam islamic fundamentalism italy kanem empire kanem prefecture library of congress country studies libya manual labour middle class modernization moyen-chari prefecture nobility north africa ouaddai empire oubangui-chari outlaw panama paris pension prefectures of chad public domain quota rabih az-zubayr rally of the french people referendum republic republic of the congo sahel salamat prefecture sara people senegal slavery socialism stateless nation sultan tarika teacher tijaniyyah trade union transitional government of national unity tribal chief vichy france west africa world war ii