amigaos application checkpointing application programming interface asymmetric multiprocessing beos bit-level parallelism busy waiting cpu bound cpu modes cpu time cache coherency cache only memory architecture central processing unit comparison of bsd operating systems comparison of operating systems computer hardware computer network computer programming concurrent computing context switch cost efficiency data parallelism device driver distributed computing distributed memory distributed shared memory embarrassingly parallel explicit parallelism gpgpu general protection fault grand challenge problem graphical user interface grid computing hardware abstraction layer high-performance computing history of operating systems hybrid kernel implicit parallelism instruction level parallelism intel threading building blocks interrupt karp-flatt metric linux loadable kernel module mimd misd ms-dos mac os mac os x memory coherence memory management unit memory protection memory segmentation microkernel microsoft windows monolithic kernel multiprocessing nanokernel non-uniform memory access openmp opensolaris operating system operating system development posix threads paging parallel random access machine parallel computing parallel programming model parallel slowdown peripheral powerpc process states protected mode reactos real-time computing simd sisd segmentation fault shared memory simultaneous multithreading software lockout solaris speedup stream processing supercomputer superscalar symmetric multiprocessing task parallelism time-sharing timeline of operating systems unix unix-like user space vector processor virtual file system virtual machine virtual memory warewulf windows nt