almagest andreas osiander anthropocentrism aristarchus of samos arthur koestler averroes basel book of joshua capua cicero commentariolus day de revolutionibus orbium coelestium deferent and epicycle earth equant eudoxus of cnidus europe galileo galilei general relativity geocentric model heliocentrism heraclides ponticus hicetas ibn battuta ibn al-shatir isaac newton jagiellonian university johannes kepler nasir al-din al-tusi nicolaus copernicus old testament philolaus planet plutarch pope paul iii ptolemy pythagoras qazwini qutb al-din al-shirazi regiomontanus sun telescope tusi-couple vedic sanskrit vienna year