afrikaans anglic languages crimea crimean goths danish language dutch language early scots east germanic languages english language extinct language faroese language frisian languages german language germanic a-mutation germanic languages germanic philology germanic spirant law germanic strong verb germanic substrate hypothesis germanic umlaut germanic verb germanic weak verb gothic alphabet gothic language grammatischer wechsel great vowel shift greek alphabet greenlandic norse high german consonant shift history of danish history of german history of swedish history of the english language history of the icelandic language history of the scots language icelandic language indo-european ablaut indo-european languages ingvaeonic ingvaeonic nasal spirant law language family latin alphabet lombardic language low german middle dutch middle english middle frisian middle high german middle low german middle scots norn language north germanic languages northwest germanic norwegian language ogier ghiselin de busbecq old dutch old english old frankish old frisian old gutnish old high german old norse phonological history of the english language phonological history of the scots language preterite-present verb proto-germanic proto-norse runic alphabet scots language stop swedish language ukraine unicode university of texas at austin vandalic language west germanic gemination west germanic languages writing system yiddish language yola language