alma mater amartya sen australia bertil ohlin copenhagen consensus daniel mcfadden doctorate economic history economics economist franco modigliani gary becker george stigler harry markowitz harvard university herbert simon james heckman james meade james mirrlees james tobin john harsanyi lausanne lawrence klein maurice allais merton miller metropolitan life insurance company milton friedman myron scholes new york city nobel memorial prize in economic sciences omicron delta epsilon ottawa reinhard selten richard stone robert fogel robert mundell robert solow ronald coase san francisco schools of economic thought stanford university theodore schultz transaction cost trygve haavelmo united states united states merchant marine university of washington vipani william forsyth sharpe william vickrey world war ii