aachen albert the bear aller alps angles baltic sea bavaria central europe charlemagne charles martel denmark detmold early middle ages eastphalia elbe franconia franks fritzlar gandersheim abbey germany government great britain hasel hedeby henry the lion hermann billung history of saxony holstein holy roman empire house of hanover ireland irminsul jutes jutland kingdom of hanover kingdom of saxony lower lorraine lower saxony magnus i of norway margrave mayor of the palace mecklenburg-vorpommern middle ages neustria north rhine-westphalia north sea norway odilo of bavaria old saxony paderborn principality prose quedlinburg rhine saxe saxon wars saxons saxony-anhalt schleswig-holstein slavic peoples stem duchy swabia thuringia thuringii unstrut viking welf wends westphalia widukind