arabic alphabet arabic language beijing dialect bishkek calque cantonese central asia changsha dialect china chinese character chinese language chu river classical chinese cyrillic alphabet cyrillization of chinese from pinyin danzhouhua diasystem dungan people fergana valley fricative consonant gan chinese gansu gaoyang dialect hangzhou dialect historical chinese phonology hui people huizhou chinese iasyr shivaza jin chinese kazakhstan kyrgyzstan language family latin alphabet list of chinese dialects mandarin chinese mandarin dialects middle chinese min bei min chinese min dong min nan min zhong muslim mutual intelligibility nanchang dialect nasal consonant neologism ningbo dialect northeastern mandarin old chinese persian language philology pinghua chinese pinyin proto-mandarin puxian min quzhou dialect romanization romanization of russian russia russian language shaanxi shanghainese shaozhou tuhua sino-tibetan languages southwestern mandarin soviet union spoken chinese standard mandarin suzhou dialect taishanese taiwanese mandarin taiwanese minnan tone contour tone name tone number unicode uzbekistan varieties of chinese vernacular chinese wenzhou dialect wikimedia incubator wikipedia written cantonese written chinese wu chinese wuxi dialect xiang chinese zhongyuan mandarin