act of abjuration aeneid age of enlightenment amsterdam anna bijns annexation antwerp apology aristocracy art arthur van schendel augustan literature author batavian republic battle of waterloo beatification beatrice of nazareth belgium bible brussels cees nooteboom chamber of rhetoric charlemagne charles de coster chivalry classicism commerce connie palmen constantijn huygens county of flanders county of loon courtly love dirck volckertszoon coornhert drama dunkirk dutch east indies dutch golden age dutch renaissance and golden age literature dutch republic dutch language elckerlijc elegast english language english literature epic poetry epigram ethics ethnology europe everyman fable faith ferdinand bordewijk festival flanders flemish literature france frederik van eeden french directory french flanders french language friar geert mak genre gerard reve gerbrand adriaensz bredero german empire german language germany gerrit komrij gerrit krol governess grand pensionary guido gezelle guild hagiography harry mulisch heinrich heine hendrik conscience hendrik marsman hendrik tollens hendrik de vries herman gorter herman heijermans history history of the netherlands holland huguenot humanism indonesia intelligentsia invective jacob cats jacob van maerlant jacobus van looy jan campert jan luyken jan utenhove jan wolkers johan van heemskerk johann wolfgang von goethe john milton john of ruysbroeck joost van den vondel journalist justus van effen king arthur kingdom of holland leo vroman literature london louis couperus low countries lucebert magazine marcus aurelius maria tesselschade visscher martin luther max havelaar medieval dutch literature menno ter braak michiel de swaen middelburg middle ages minnesang morality muiden muiderkring multatuli mystery play mysticism napoleon i of france nescio netherlands netherlands antilles neutral country nicolaas beets nijmegen nikolaes heinsius the younger nineteenth-century dutch literature north sea old frankish op hoop van zegen oscar wilde peace of westphalia percy bysshe shelley philip ii of spain philosophy pierre corneille piet paaltjens pieter corneliszoon hooft pillarisation playwright plutarch poet poetry procession protagonist protestant reformation psalms psalter pseudonym public domain rationalism recession refugee remco campert rhijnvis feith roemer visscher romance novel romanticism satire schoolmaster secession segregation simon vestdijk social class socialism society south africa southern netherlands spain stadtholder statenvertaling suriname tatler tragedy treatise tropics united kingdom of the netherlands vassal state weltschmerz widow willem bilderdijk willem elsschot willem frederik hermans willem kloos world war i zeeland zenith