aberdeen proving ground academic press adding machine adele goldstine arthur burks artillery ballistic research laboratory betty holberton binary numeral system csirac capacitor charles babbage institute clifford berry colossus computer computer computer history museum computer program cryptanalysis decimal delay line memory diode double precision drum memory edvac electromechanics electronics external ballistics film stock first draft of a report on the edvac frances spence harry huskey harvard mark i history of computing hardware ibm ibm ssec iowa state university jean bartik john mauchly john von neumann joseph henry kathleen antonelli konrad zuse manchester mark i manchester small-scale experimental machine marlyn meltzer maryland moore school lectures moore school of electrical engineering national museum of american history oxford university press public domain punched tape read-only memory relay resistor ring counter ruth teitelbaum short ton smithsonian institution solder square root tommy flowers turing completeness united states army university of michigan university of pennsylvania vacuum tube wikimedia commons williams tube world war ii