abschwangen massacre alfred-maurice de zayas archbishopric of salzburg arguin baedeker baltic sea baltic languages belarusians berlin bishopric of minden black death bohemia brandenburg brandenburg-prussia cambridge university press christianity closed city columbia encyclopedia conscription county of mark county of ravensberg diet of augsburg draheim drang nach osten duchy of cleves duchy of magdeburg duchy of prussia east frisia east prussian plebiscite eastern europe endsieg erich koch evacuation of east prussia expatriate expulsion of germans after world war ii famine farther pomerania first partition of poland franconia frederick ii of prussia frederick i of prussia frederick william i of prussia gauleiter german army german empire german colonial empire german language germanisation germans germany grand duchy of lithuania grand duchy of posen grand duchy of the lower rhine great northern war greater berlin act gulag hre halle-merseburg hesse-nassau high prussian holy roman empire house of hohenzollern jew kaliningrad kaliningrad oblast king in prussia kingdom of prussia konrad i of masovia league of nations mandate leonid brezhnev list of cities and towns in east prussia lithuania lithuania minor lithuanian language longman low prussian lutheranism malbork malbork castle margraviate of brandenburg masuria maximilian ii mikhail kalinin minden-ravensberg monastic state of the teutonic knights nazi germany nazi concentration camps nazi propaganda nemmersdorf massacre new east prussia new silesia northern crusades old prussian old prussians olsztyn voivodeship ostflucht oxford university press partitions of poland poles polish areas annexed by nazi germany polish areas annexed by the soviet union polish language polonization posen-west prussia prince-elector principality of halberstadt protestant reformation protestantism province of brandenburg province of east prussia province of hanover province of hohenzollern province of kurhessen province of lower silesia province of magdeburg province of nassau province of pomerania province of posen province of prussia province of saxony province of schleswig-holstein province of silesia province of upper silesia province of westphalia prussia prussian guelders prussian homage prussian lithuanians rape red army rhine province rhineland roman catholic church royal prussia ruhr area russian empire russian language russians schlieffen plan second battle of the masurian lakes second polish republic silesia south prussia soviet union teutonic knights treaty of labiau treaty of oliva treaty of versailles treaty of wehlau ukrainians unification of germany united kingdom vassal volga germans walter von cronberg war of the spanish succession warmia warmian-masurian voivodeship wehrmacht weimar republic west germany west prussia western pomerania westphalia winston churchill world war i world war ii