anfo acetone peroxide aluminium ammonal ammonium nitrate antimatter binary explosive blasting cap brisance calorimeter camera capacitor chapman-jouguet condition characteristic charcoal cheddite chemical decomposition chemical element chemistry chlorate decomposition deflagration density deterioration detonation detonator diatomaceous earth dinitrogen tetroxide dynamite electric arc electric shock energetically unstable exothermic explosion explosive booster explosive velocity explosives safety explosives used during ww ii flame speed flash powder friction fuel fuel oil fulminate gas hmx heat heat of combustion impact infinity joule kelvin laser liquid liquid oxygen magnesium mass military molar volume molecule nitric oxide nitrocellulose nitrogen nitroglycerin nuclear explosive nuclear weapon octol organic peroxide oxygen oxygen balance oxyliquit petn panclastite perchlorate performance phosphorus physics plastic explosive potassium chlorate potassium nitrate potassium perchlorate pressure propagation pyrotechnics rdx sawdust sensitivity shaped charge shock wave spark sprengel explosive stability standard conditions for temperature and pressure standard state standardization sulfur sun temperature tertiary explosive tetryl thermochemistry trauzl lead block test trinitrotoluene ultraviolet united states department of transportation warhead water weapon