absolute monarchy andalusia anglosphere aquitaine autonomous communities of spain bagaudae bailiwick basque language basque nationalism biscay canon law carlism catalonia charlemagne charter city constitution court crown of castile customs don quixote duchy of vasconia ebro estates of the realm family law federalism ferdinand ii of aragon first carlist war foral fors de bearn france francisco franco french revolution french language frontier fueros of navarre gascony goths grazing rights henry iv of france iberian peninsula inheritance john adams kingdom of navarre latin latin america left-wing politics lord mesta military law nation state navarre new world pnv pamplona peasant penal law philip ii of spain portuguese language president of the united states private law privilege pyrenees reconquista right-wing politics roman catholic church sabino arana sancho panza second spanish republic social class sovereignty spain spanish inquisition spanish language unitarianism united states constitution villa western roman empire