amoy dialect back vowel beijing dialect british malaya cantonese central vowel changsha dialect china chinese filipino chinese language chinese people classical chinese close vowel danzhouhua dungan language dutch east indies front vowel fujian gan chinese gaoyang dialect glottal stop hangzhou dialect hanja historical chinese phonology hoklo hoklo people huizhou chinese indonesia interpunct japanese language jin chinese kanji lan-nang language family languages of china latin latin alphabet list of chinese dialects list of language regulators list of languages by number of native speakers malaysia malaysian chinese mandarin chinese mid vowel middle chinese min bei min chinese min dong min nan min zhong ming dynasty nanchang dialect near-back vowel near-front vowel ningbo dialect non-governmental organization northeastern mandarin old chinese open vowel orthography overseas chinese penang hokkien philippines phofsit daibuun pinghua chinese presbyterian church in taiwan prestige dialect proto-mandarin puxian min qiongwen quanzhou quzhou dialect republic of china romanization shanghainese shaozhou tuhua simplified chinese characters singapore sino-tibetan languages southeast asia southwestern mandarin spoken chinese standard chinese standard mandarin suzhou dialect taishanese taiwan taiwanese taiwanese mandarin taiwanese minnan taiwanese kana thailand tone sandhi traditional chinese characters unicode universal character set varieties of chinese vernacular chinese vietnam wenzhou dialect western world working group written cantonese written chinese wu chinese wuxi dialect xiamen xiang chinese zhangzhou zhongyuan mandarin