bureaucracy china chinese civil war chinese character chinese classic texts chinese language chinese nationalism chungin communist party of china cubicle donglin academy east asia eight-legged essay emperor yang of sui examination yuan goryeo guangdong gwageo han dynasty hanlin academy heian period history of china history of the republic of china indian civil service japan japan-korea annexation treaty joseon dynasty korea kuomintang library of congress mandarin square ming dynasty nanjing museum nine-rank system patronage pinyin political corruption qing dynasty qiu ying republic of china samurai scholar-bureaucrats second sino-japanese war simplified chinese characters six arts sui dynasty sun yat-sen taiping rebellion taiwan traditional chinese characters vietnam yangban yuan dynasty