alejandro toledo amazonas before the inca empire andes antisuyu architecture argentina atahualpa aymara language aztec aztec calendar aztec mythology aztec religion aztec society aztec writing battle of cajamarca battle of the maule bolivia cajamarca cannon chachapoyas culture chicha chile chimor chinampa chinchay suyu coca colombia conscription creation myth cultural periods of peru cusco diego de almagro diphtheria disability ecuador federation francisco pizarro francisco de montejo fremont culture government guaman poma guayaquil guinea pig hiram bingham iii history of peru history of the aztecs horse huaca huastec people huayna capac iberian peninsula inca garcilaso de la vega inca architecture inca civilization inca education inca mythology inca religion inca road system inca society incan agriculture indigenous peoples of the americas influenza inti izapa kingdom of cusco lake titicaca larco museum lima list of countries by population lost city machu picchu maize mama ocllo manco inca yupanqui mapuche maule river maya architecture maya calendar maya civilization maya mythology maya religion maya society mayan languages measles mississippian culture mixtec moche moctezuma i moctezuma ii monarchy moors nazca culture norte chico civilization olmec pacal the great pacaritambo pachacuti pachamama pedro de alvarado peru peruvian ancient cultures pipil piura population density population history of american indigenous peoples pre-columbian pre-columbian art premodernity puquina language quechua quechuan and aymaran spelling shift quipu rainbow flag reincarnation roman catholic church sapa inca sinchi roca slang smallpox spanish empire spanish conquest of the aztec empire spanish conquest of the inca empire spanish language state religion tairona tarascan state tiwanaku toltec totonac trepanation tumi typhus vincente de valverde wiphala zapotec civilization