adam smith balance sheet capital gain capital gains tax central bank china civilization corporate finance corporate tax deferred tax deficit disability economic policy economy effect of taxes and subsidies on price excess profits tax finance financial accountancy financial market financial market participants financial regulation fiscal policy flat tax fractional-reserve banking frank chodorov free banking full-reserve banking gold standard government debt government spending income inheritance tax investment islamic banking karl marx kingdom of great britain land value tax lifetime income tax local income tax ludwig von mises institute means of production monetary policy money money supply napoleonic wars negative income tax paye pay payroll tax personal finance profit progressive tax proportional tax public finance publicly-funded health care real property regressive tax sales tax saving shilling social insurance social security stamp duty tariff tax tax advantage tax haven tax incidence tax rate tax rates around the world tax refund tax system in china taxation in australia taxation in canada taxation in colombia taxation in france taxation in germany taxation in india taxation in indonesia taxation in new zealand taxation in peru taxation in switzerland taxation in tanzania taxation in the british virgin islands taxation in the netherlands taxation in the republic of ireland taxation in the united kingdom taxation in the united states taxpayer the communist manifesto the wealth of nations unemployment united states value added tax wang mang wealth william pitt the younger windfall profits tax withholding