affirmative defense american law institute ancient greece ancient history andrea yates anti-psychiatry capital punishment in the united states common law crime criminal law daniel sickles defendant defense of infancy delusion digital object identifier diminished responsibility duress durham rule edward ii of england eighth amendment to the united states constitution entrapment false confession habeas corpus human rights idaho insanity intoxication defense irresistible impulse james hadfield jury instructions law lee boyd malvo liability massachusetts mental disorder mental disorder defence mental health michigan miranda warning mitigating factor model penal code montana murder necessity new york patient property law prosecutor psychiatrist psychiatry psychologist right of self-defense robert peel roman empire ronald reagan rule of law sanity schizophrenia settled insanity supreme court of the united states thomas szasz trusts and estates united kingdom united states united states court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit united states court of appeals for the fifth circuit utah wrong