abd al-rahman al-sufi abdul ahad mohmand abrahamic religions abu-mahmud al-khujandi abu nasr mansur acceleration afghanistan afternoon ahmed ibn yusuf akbar the great al-andalus al-azhar university al-birjandi al-farabi al-ghazali al-jazari al-khazini al-kindi al-mahani al-mansur al-nayrizi al-saghani al-sijzi al akhawayn university alarm clock alchemy and chemistry in medieval islam aldebaran aleppo alexandria alfonsine tables algebra algol algorithm ali khamenei ali ibn ridwan alidade almagest almanac almucantar altair altitude analog computer ancient greece ancient greek andalusia andromeda galaxy angkasawan program ankara anno domini anousheh ansari aperture apollo program apparent magnitude apsis arab arab and persian astrology arabian peninsula arabic language architecture aristotelian physics aristotelianism aristotle armillary sphere aryabhata ashraf assyria astrolabe astrology astronaut astronautics astronomer astronomical catalog astronomical clock astronomical object astronomy astrophysics atmosphere averroes avicenna axial tilt ayatollah azerbaijan azerbaijan international azimuth babylonian astronomy baghdad bartel leendert van der waerden benedictine big bang biomedical research book of fixed stars book of optics brahmagupta brass brethren of purity brill publishers british museum byzantine science calendar caliph caliphate cambridge cambridge university press camera obscura camille flammarion cancer cartography celestial mechanics celestial pole celestial sphere celestial spheres central asia chart chicago china chinese astronomy chord christian christian philosophy christianity circular motion circular orbit cleric clock columbia university comet compass compass rose compendium computer concentric constellation contemplation contemporary islamic philosophy copernican revolution copernican heliocentrism cosmology creation myth damascus data de revolutionibus orbium coelestium decimal separator declination deferent and epicycle delhi digital object identifier dioptra divination donald routledge hill door early islamic philosophy earth easter eclipse ecliptic edinburgh university press egypt eid ul-fitr ellipse elliptic orbit empirical empiricism encyclopedia of the brethren of purity encyclopedia of the history of arabic science engineering equant equator equatorial ring equinox equitorium euclid europe evening experiment faqih farouk el-baz fiqh flight engineer force fu jen catholic university galaxy galileo galilei gate gear gear train geocentric model geography in medieval islam geometry george saliba georgetown university gienah globe gnomon graph paper gravitation great pyramid of giza greek astronomy greek language greek philosophy grid reference gulf times hadar hadith hajj harmonica harvard university press hasanuddin university hebrew astronomy hebrew calendar heliocentric orbit heliocentrism hellenistic civilization historiography of early islam history of india history of astronomy horizon hossein nasr hour house of knowledge house of wisdom hulagu khan human spaceflight humayun hypothesis ibadah ibn bajjah ibn qayyim al-jawziyya ibn tufail ibn yunus ibn al-banna al-marrakushi ibn al-shatir ibrahim al-fazari ibrahim ibn muhammad ibrahim ibn sinan immanuel kant indian astronomy indian mathematics inertia infinitesimal international space station intrinsic and extrinsic properties inventions in medieval islam inventions in the modern islamic world iran iranian calendar iraq islam islamonline islamic civilization during the european renaissance islamic golden age islamic society of north america islamic architecture islamic art islamic astrology islamic calendar islamic calligraphy islamic contributions to medieval europe islamic economic jurisprudence islamic economics in the world islamic ethics islamic literature islamic metaphysics islamic philosophy islamic poetry islamic pottery islamic sociology islamic studies islamic theology istanbul istanbul observatory of taqi al-din izar jabir ibn aflah jahangir jai singh ii of amber jew jewish philosophy johannes kepler john philoponus jordan journal of near eastern studies journal of the american oriental society judaism kaaba kalam kashmir kerim kerimov kinematics kublai khan kushyar ibn labban lahore laptop large magellanic cloud latin latitude lebanon leukemia levity light linear linear interpolation list of arab scientists and scholars list of arabic star names list of iranian scientists and scholars list of muslim astronomers list of muslim scientists list of universities in iran liturgical year logic in islamic philosophy london longitude lost-wax casting luminosity lunar calendar lunar eclipse lunar orbit lunisolar calendar mactutor history of mathematics archive machine madrasah magnification magnifying glass maimonides malaysia malik shah i map projection maragheh maragheh observatory mathematics mathematics in medieval islam mecca mechanical engineering medicine in medieval islam medieval philosophy menelaus of alexandria meridian metallurgy metonic cycle metric expansion of space middle ages middle east middle persian military of iran milky way minute mir mirak mirror moon moon landing moonlight mosque motilal banarsidass mughal empire muhammad muhammad iqbal muhammad al-fazari muhammed faris mural instrument muslim muslim agricultural revolution muslim conquests muslim history muslim world nasa national maritime museum national public radio natural philosophy nature nebula new york new york university press new moon nicolaus copernicus night vision noon north africa observation observation post observational astronomy observatory old world on the heavens ophthalmology in medieval islam optics orbit orbital eccentricity orthogonality ottoman empire oxford university press palestine paradigm parallax paris passover payload specialist peace in islamic thought persian empire persian people philippe de la hire physical body physical law physics physics today physics in medieval islam planet planisphere polar coordinate system position prayer pre-islamic arabia precession program management protein psychology in medieval islam ptolemy qazwini qibla qutb al-din al-shirazi ramadan reason reflection refraction regular grid relativity renaissance research research institute revolution richard nelson frye richard powers rigel right ascension robert briffault roman empire routledge ruler saadia gaon sadr safavid dynasty salah salim al-hassani samarkand sanskrit sassanid empire saudi aramco world sawm science in medieval western europe science in medieval islam scientific american scientific revolution scientific instrument scientific method second semantics sense seville sexagesimal shah jahan sharaf al-daula sharia sheikh muszaphar shukor shiraz university sidereal sidereal year simon newcomb sinan ibn thabit sky sociology in medieval islam solar calendar solar eclipse solid solstice soviet union soviet space program space shuttle discovery space exploration space science space station specific gravity speed of light spherical earth spherical coordinate system spherical geometry staff stanford encyclopedia of philosophy star star catalogue star chart starlight state university of new york press sublunary sphere sufi cosmology sufi studies sufism sultan sultan bin salman bin abdulaziz al saud sun sundial sunlight sunrise sunset supernova superstition surveying surya siddhanta syria tables of toledo tabula rogeriana tafsir al-mizan taipei talgat musabayev talk of the nation taqi al-din taylor and francis tehran telescope temporal finitism the book of healing the independent the story of civilization the wall street journal theology time timeline of islamic science and engineering timeline of muslim history timeline of modern muslim scientists and engineers torquetum translation triangle triangulation trigonometry tunisia tusi-couple tycho brahe tychonic system unesco ulema ulugh beg umar umayyad mosque universe university of al-karaouine university of chicago university of chicago press university of southern california uzbekistan varahamihira vega versine water clock western world whipple museum of the history of science will durant wire witelo world map yantra mandir yemen youtube yuan dynasty zakariya al-qazwini zenith zij zij-i-sultani zij-i ilkhani zodiac