algol a new kind of science abitur alan turing alma mater binac bad hersfeld berlin binary numeral system blueprint bundesverdienstkreuz calculating space civil engineering collegium hosianum compiler computer deutsche mark deutsches museum digital philosophy digital physics east prussia edward fredkin engineer free university of berlin fritz leonhardt fulda george stibitz german empire germany glide bomb helmut schreyer high-level programming language history of computing hardware horst zuse hoyerswerda ibm munich programming language punched tape relay retrocomputing siemens ag startup company stephen wolfram switzerland technical university of berlin united kingdom united states universe vacuum tube world war ii