abd al-malik abu bakr ahmed i ahmed ii ahmed iii al-amin al-hadi al-hakam ii al-hakim ii al-mahdi al-mansur al-muhtadi al-muktafi al-muntasir al-muqtadi al-muqtadir al-muqtafi al-mustadi al-mustakfi al-mustakfi ii al-mustakfi i of cairo al-mustamsik al-mustanjid al-mustansir al-mustansir ii of cairo al-mustarshid al-mustazhir al-mutawakkil al-mutawakkil i al-mutawakkil ii al-mutawakkil iii al-muti al-muttaqi al-qadir al-qahir al-walid i al-walid ii al-wathiq al-wathiq ii ali an-nasir ar-radi as-saffah az-zahir baghdad cairo common era damascus harun al-rashid hisham ibn abd al-malik honorific ibrahim i ibrahim ibn al-walid mahmud i mahmud ii marwan i marwan ii morocco muawiyah i muhammad an-nasir murad iii murad iv murad v mustaali mustafa i mustafa ii mustafa iii mustafa iv nizari osman ii osman iii ottoman empire president pretender rashidun secularism in turkey selim i selim ii selim iii sharif of mecca spain sulayman ibn abd al-malik suleiman ii suleiman the magnificent sultan umar uthman ibn affan yazid i yazid ii yazid iii