aardvark afrikaans analysis anglicism anglo-french anglo-norman anime arabic language bubblegum crisis bulgarian language bungalow calque canada celtic languages chutney classification denglisch dinghy dunglish einar haugen english language etymology euphemism france franglais french language function word gairaigo gallicism german language germanic languages glottal stop greek language hawaiian language hybrid word idiom italian language jodhpur language language reform latin lexical item list of latin phrases list of replaced loanwords in turkish macron malay language manga mechanism middle english mobile phone morpheme norman language normans old french old norman old norse onomasiology ottoman empire ottoman turkish language ottoman turks persian language phono-semantic matching phonotactics pundit reborrowing semantic loan serbian language sino-japanese vocabulary sino-korean vocabulary sino-vietnamese vocabulary sjambok sound spanglish sveticism swedish language target language translation trek turkic languages turkish language association turkish alphabet turkish language turkish literature typology uriel weinreich veld viking welsh language wiktionary wildebeest word world war i