afrikaans anglic languages crimean gothic danish language dutch language east germanic languages edictum rothari elbe elder futhark english language extinct language faroese language frisian languages german language germanic a-mutation germanic languages germanic philology germanic spirant law germanic strong verb germanic substrate hypothesis germanic umlaut germanic verb germanic weak verb gothic language grammatischer wechsel great vowel shift high german consonant shift history of danish history of german history of swedish history of the english language history of the icelandic language history of the scots language hungary icelandic language indo-european ablaut indo-european languages ingvaeonic ingvaeonic nasal spirant law italy language family latin lombard language lombards middle ages middle dutch middle english middle high german middle low german norn language north germanic languages northwest germanic norwegian language old dutch old english old frankish old frisian old gutnish old high german old norse old saxon pannonia pernik sword phonological history of the english language preterite-present verb proto-germanic proto-norse romance languages scots language suebi swedish language switzerland tacitus unicode upper german vandalic language west germanic gemination west germanic languages writing system yiddish language zaban