alphabet beijing dialect bernhard karlgren bilabial consonant cantonese changsha dialect china chinese character chinese language chinese poetry classical chinese danzhouhua dungan language dunhuang extinct language gan chinese gaoyang dialect guangyun hangul hangzhou dialect historical chinese phonology huizhou chinese indo-european languages japanese language jin chinese jiyun korean language labiodental consonant language family list of chinese dialects list of language regulators mandarin chinese min bei min chinese min dong min nan min zhong modern chinese nanchang dialect ningbo dialect northeastern mandarin old chinese pinghua chinese pinyin proto-indo-european language proto-mandarin puxian min qieyun quzhou dialect rime table semi-cursive script shanghainese shaozhou tuhua sino-tibetan languages song dynasty sound change southern and northern dynasties southwestern mandarin spoken chinese sui dynasty suzhou dialect syllable taishanese taiwanese mandarin taiwanese minnan tang dynasty tonal language traditional chinese characters transliteration into chinese characters unicode varieties of chinese vernacular chinese vietnamese language wenzhou dialect writing system written cantonese written chinese wu chinese wuxi dialect xiang chinese zhongyuan mandarin