absolute monarchy abu dhabi achaemenid empire afar language afghan afghani afghanistan africa african plate afro-asiatic languages agriculture alfred thayer mahan algeria algerian dinar algiers altaic languages americas amman anatolia anatolian plate ancient egypt ancient near east ancient history anglo-america ankara antarctica aquifer arab arabian peninsula arabian plate arabian sea arabic language aramaic language archaeology architecture arctic arctic ocean arid armenian language armenians arsacid empire asia asia-pacific asmara associated press atlantic ocean australasia azerbaijani language baghdad bahrain balkans balochi language baluch beirut berber languages berber people british empire british raj bulgarian language burj al arab cairo caliphate caribbean caucasus central africa central america central asia central europe central intelligence agency central powers china christianity christianity in the middle east circassian circassians constitutional monarchy council on foreign relations country cretaceous croatian language currency cyprus cyprus dispute damascus dasht-e kavir dead sea democracy desert dictatorship digital object identifier djibouti djiboutian franc doha drainage basin drought dubai earth east africa east anatolian fault east asia eastern europe egypt egyptian pound eisenhower doctrine english language eocene eritrea ethiopia ethnic groups of the middle east euphrates eurasia eurasian plate eurocentrism europe extremes on earth far east fatah federal government of the united states federation fertile crescent flag france french language gagauz gaza gaza strip geography of asia geography of saudi arabia georgians german language gilaki language government grassland great manmade river greater middle east greek language greeks gross domestic product groundwater recharge gulf of oman hamas hebrew language history of iran history of the levant history of the middle east horn of africa ignatius valentine chirol imam ali mosque india india office indian ocean indo-european languages indochina international monetary fund iran iranian plateau iranian rial iraq iraq war iraqi dinar irrigation islam islamabad islamic golden age israel israeli new sheqel italian language jamahiriya jerusalem jew jewish languages john foster dulles jordan jordanian dinar judaism kabardian kabul khartoum kurdish language kuwait kuwait city kuwaiti dinar latin america lebanese pound lebanon levant libya libyan dinar list of conflicts in the middle east list of countries by population lowland maayan maghreb malay archipelago manama manichaeism mazandarani language mediterranean sea melanesia mesopotamia micronesia middle ages middle east command middle east institute middle east studies association of north america middle east youth initiative middle class modern south arabian languages mogadishu monarchy moroccan dirham morocco mount ararat najaf nakfa near east nile north africa north america north asia northern america northern cyprus northern europe nubian sandstone aquifer system nubians nuclear program of iran opec ocean oceania oman omani rial open directory project orientalism ottoman empire pacific ocean pakistan palestinian national authority palestinian territories parliamentary republic partitioning of the ottoman empire persian empire persian gulf persian language persian people pipeline transport plate tectonics polar region polish language pollution polynesia population punjabi language qatar qatari riyal rabat ramallah rangeland red sea region regions of the middle east religion in the middle east republic riyadh romania romanian language russian empire russian language safavid dynasty sahrawi arab democratic republic saline water sassanid empire saudi arabia saudi riyal sea level siberia sinai peninsula sindhi language somali somali language somali people somali shilling somalia south america south asia southeast asia southern africa southern cone southern europe southern ocean southwest asia spirituality subregion sudan sudanese pound suez canal suez crisis syria syrian pound taurus mountains tehran the great game the times the world factbook tigris topography triassic tripoli tunis tunisia tunisian dinar turkestan turkey turkic languages turkish language turkish new lira turkish people turkmen people united arab emirates united kingdom united nations united states united states department of state university of chicago upper class urdu varieties of arabic waithood water water shortage west africa west bank western europe western sahara wikimedia commons wikinews wiktionary world heritage site world ocean world war i world war ii yemen yemeni rial zagros mountains zoroastrianism