catholic clan continuant culross dictionary of the scots language early modern english early scots falkirk gaels gerund glamis goidelic languages great vowel shift history of the scots language house of stuart inflection jacobite rising james i of england kirkcaldy long s magnate menzies middle english middle irish modern english norn language orkney participle phonological history of the scots language plantation of ulster scots language scottish lowlands scottish reformation scottish vowel length rule shetland standard language statutes of iona vocalization vowel length written scots language yogh