abdelaziz bouteflika abdou diouf ahmadou ahidjo ahmed ould bouceif alliance pour une mauritanie democratique annexation arab arabic language authoritarianism boutilimit centralization cheikh el avia ould mohamed khouna consensus constitution of mauritania daniel arap moi democracy denis sassou nguesso economy ely ould mohamed vall exile france frederick chiluba french air force gaafar nimeiry gamal abdel nasser greater morocco guerrilla warfare haile selassie i of ethiopia hassan ii of morocco hosni mubarak ibrahim babangida independence indigenous peoples iron islam jakaya kikwete joaquim chissano john kufuor joseph arthur ankrah julius nyerere kenneth kaunda kwame nkrumah levy mwanawasa list of heads of state of mauritania madrid accords marabout mauritania meles zenawi mengistu haile mariam mining mobutu sese seko mohamed khouna ould haidalla mohamed lemine ould guig mohamed mahmoud ould louly mohamed ould abdel aziz moors morocco moulaye ould mohamed laghdaf multi-party system mustafa ould salek national assembly of mauritania nationalism nouakchott olusegun obasanjo omar bongo ouled birri paris paul biya polisario front regime republic robert mugabe sahel sahrawi seewoosagur ramgoolam siad barre siaka stevens sid ahmed ould bneijara sidi mohamed ould boubacar sidi ould cheikh abdallahi single-party state socialism standard of living sunni islam thabo mbeki tindouf province tribe university western sahara yahya ould ahmed el waghef yakubu gowon yoweri museveni zeine ould zeidane zine el abidine ben ali