afrikaans anglic languages ballad caithness christianity crimean gothic danish language dative dutch language ear east germanic languages english language extinct language eye faroe islands faroese language ferry foula frisian languages german language germanic a-mutation germanic languages germanic philology germanic spirant law germanic strong verb germanic substrate hypothesis germanic umlaut germanic verb germanic weak verb gothic language grammatischer wechsel great vowel shift high german consonant shift history of danish history of german history of swedish history of the english language history of the icelandic language history of the scots language icelandic language indo-european ablaut indo-european languages ingvaeonic ingvaeonic nasal spirant law island jakob jakobsen language family leg lombardic language mv hamnavoe michael barnes middle dutch middle english middle high german middle low german nordic countries north germanic languages northern isles northlink ferries northwest germanic norway norwegian language old dutch old english old frankish old frisian old gutnish old high german old norse orkney past tense phonological history of the english language phonology prayer present tense preterite-present verb proto-germanic proto-norse riddle scotland scots language shetland shetland islands council shetlandic stromness suffix swedish language tail teat udal law ulsta unicode unst vandalic language verb west germanic gemination west germanic languages yiddish language