admiralty africa alaska alessandro malaspina aleutian islands alexander mackenzie americas archipelago arctic arctic bridge arctic climate impact assessment arctic ocean arctic shrinkage asia atlantic ocean baffin bay baffin island baja california peninsula banks island beaufort sea beechey island belgium beluga bering strait boothia peninsula botulism bremen british columbia coast canada canada command canadian arctic archipelago canadian defence and foreign affairs institute canadian forces canadian internal waters cannibalism cape horn cape of good hope caspar david friedrich catamaran cathay charles clerke china chukchi sea circumnavigation city of halifax classified information climate change colonialism cook inlet cruise ship cumberland sound daily mail david scott cowper david wilkins davis strait dease strait dog sled dolphin and union strait edward belcher ellesmere island england english people eurasia europe european space agency european union france francisco antonio mourelle francisco de eliza francisco de ulloa frederick william beechey frederik de wit frobisher bay george back george bowering george vi of the united kingdom george vancouver germany giacomo gastaldi global warming government of canada great britain greeks greenland gulf of california henry hudson henry larsen henry vii of england hudson bay hudson river humphrey gilbert hydrography ice class iceberg icebreaker international hydrographic organization inuit inuktitut ireland island of california italy jacques cartier james clark ross james cook john cabot john everett millais john franklin juan francisco de la bodega y quadra juan de fuca kalaallit kilometre king william island knud johan victor rasmussen lachine rapids latitude lead poisoning little ice age london marco polo martin frobisher mcclure strait medieval warm period metre mile minnesota state university montreal nasa national snow and ice data center netherlands nootka sound north america north pole north sea north west passage territorial park northern sea route norway norwegian polar institute orient ottawa citizen pacific ocean panama canal parliament of the united kingdom patrol boat paul cellucci permafrost point barrow polar ice packs pope alexander vi portable document format portugal post-glacial rebound prince of wales strait rae strait roald amundsen robert mcclure royal canadian mounted police royal navy russia saga sailboat saint lawrence river schooner scurvy sea ice semyon dezhnyov ship transport siberia skraeling island sled solder south america sovereignty spain starvation stephen harper strait of georgia strait of juan de fuca territorial claims in the arctic trans-alaska pipeline system transport canada united kingdom united nations convention on the law of the sea united states united states ambassador to canada united states coast guard university of alberta vancouver vancouver expedition viking viscount melville sound vitus bering whaler wikinews william bligh william edward parry yakutat bay