acquittal arlen specter arnot capital punishment carl sagan carnegie of finhaven civil procedure conviction courts of scotland courts of the united kingdom criminal law criminal procedure cruel and unusual punishment custodial sentence dangerous offender directed verdict double jeopardy exclusionary rule execution warrant exoneration glasgow helen duncan hume impeachment of bill clinton judge jury jury nullification jury trial lewinsky scandal life licence madeleine smith mandatory sentencing metaphor miscarriage of justice ontario pardon parole presumption of innocence probation right to a fair trial right to counsel rights of the accused scientific method scotland scots law self-incrimination selkirk social stigma socialite speedy trial suspended sentence trials involving silvio berlusconi united states united states senate verdict william penn