antimony apatite banded iron formation basalt beach beaches brine calcite carbonate carbonate hosted lead zinc ore deposits carbonatite cerussite chalcopyrite channel-iron deposits chelation chromite chromium coal cobalt commodity copper dehydration density diagenesis economic geology eocene erosion fossicking fugacity galena gibbsite gold granite greisen groundwater halite heavy mineral sands ore deposits hematite hydrocarbon hydrothermal circulation igneous differentiation intrusion iron ore iron oxide isotope geochemistry kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits komatiite laterite lateritic nickel ore deposits lava tube lead lepidolite leucoxene limestone lithium lode mafic magma magnetite manto ore deposits metal metamorphism metasomatism mineral mineral exploration mineral redox buffer miscibility molybdenum monazite nepheline syenite nickel nuclear power olivine ore orogeny oxidation state pegmatite pentlandite petroleum phosphate phosphorite pilbara placer deposit placer mining plate tectonics platinum proterozoic pyrite pyrrhotite quartz radon regolith restite sediment sedimentary exhalative deposits silver skarn south africa sphalerite spodumene sulfide sulfur tantalum telluride tellurium tertiary thorianite thorium tin titanium tungsten turbidite unconformity uranium uranium ore deposits volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit waldemar lindgren weathering winnowing witwatersrand zinc zircon zirconium